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China Fastest Supercomputer on Earth

China's Tianhe-1A is the world's fastest supercomputer

A timeline of supercomputing speed.
(Credit: AMD)

The Jaguar has fallen from the top of the food chain.

When the Top 500 list of the world's most powerful supercomputers is released today, the Cray XT5 system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and run by the University of Tennessee, called "Jaguar", will drop to No. 2 after a year of eating the lunch of every other supercomputer in the world. In its place will stand Tianhe-1A, a system built by China's National University of Defense Technology, located at the National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin.

Tianhe-1A achieved a performance level of 2.67 petaflops per second (quadrillions of calculations per second). Jaguar achieved 1.75 petaflops per second. Third place went to another Chinese-built system, called Nebulae, which achieved 1.27 petaflops per second.

And while the news of China's achievement is not exactly a surprise, the supercomputing community in the US is looking at it two ways: As both as an assurance that US software and components are still elite in their field, and a wake-up call that the country's prestige in high-performance computing is not a given.

"This is what everybody expected. What the Chinese have done is they're exploiting the power of GPUs (graphic processing unit) which are... awfully close to being uniquely suited to this particular benchmark," said Bill Gropp, computer science professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champagne, and co-principal investigator of the Blue Waters project, another supercomputer in the works.

The benchmark he's speaking of is the Linpack, which tests the performance of a system for solving a dense system of linear equations. It's measured in calculations or floating point operations per second, hence flop per second. Not everyone in this field agrees it's the best possible way to compare machines, but it is one way.

By using GPUs to accelerate the performance of the Tianhe-1A, the machine can achieve more floating point operations per second.

"The way most of us look at the Chinese machine, is it's very good at this particular problem (the Linpack benchmark), but not problems the user community is interested in," said Gropp.

For those worried that this is a blow to the United States' leadership in supercomputing, it's actually not a huge cause for alarm if you consider the provenance of the pieces of the Chinese system. Tianhe-1A is a Linux computer built from components from Intel and Nvidia, points out Charlie Zender, professor of Earth Systems Science at the University of California at Irvine.

"So we find ourselves admiring an achievement that certainly couldn't have been done without the know-how of Silicon Valley... and an operating system designed mostly by the United States and Europe," Zender said. "It's a time for reflection that we are now at a stage where a country that's motivated and has the resources can take off-the-shelf components and assemble the world's fastest supercomputer."

Supercomputers will likely get faster every year, points out Jeremy Smith, director of the Center for Molecular Biophysics at the University of Tennessee, so China's rise to the top this month isn't the end of the story. The list will likely be reordered again in June, when the next edition of the Top500 is released.

"What you find historically with these supercomputers is they become the normal machines five or 10 years later that everybody uses," said Smith, who oversees some projects run on Jaguar. "The Jaguar machine that we're so amazed at right now, it could be every university or company has one" eventually.

And of course these high-performance computer systems aren't just made to race each other, most scientists in the field would argue. They're made to solve complex problems, with eventual real-world consequences like climate change and alternative fuel production.

Smith argues that research like what's being done on Jaguar to solve the problem of superconductivity at high temperatures couldn't necessarily be done on Tianhe-1A effectively because it requires very efficient computing and coming up with the software on a computer to do that well is difficult.

But what China has accomplished is still important for supercomputing, argues Gropp, who called the number of flop per second Tianhe-1A achieved "remarkable".

"I don't want to downplay what they've done," he said. "It's like pooh-poohing the original Toyota. The first Toyota was a pile of junk. But a few years later they were eating our lunch."

It's not the first time that a non-US machine has topped the rankings--the Japanese NEC Earth Simulator did it in 2004. The US of course bounced back, and as of today has 275, or more than half of the systems, on the Top 500 list. China is next with 42 systems, and Japan and Germany are tied with 26 each. Still, there is concern that China's focused concentration of resources on supercomputing is fomenting a threat to the US' long-term dominance there. But just trying to score the highest on the Linpack benchmark--something that any group of researchers with enough money could do fairly easily--is short-sighted.

"What we should be focusing on is not losing our leadership and being able to apply computing to a broad range of science and engineering problems," said Gropp, who is also deputy director of research at UI's Institute for Advanced Computing Applications and Technologies.

The Presidential Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) is currently working on a report that addresses this exact topic, and didn't have a comment when contacted. Recently PCAST did release a draft of a document that calls for more funding for scientific computing very soon after news of Tianhe-1A's speed began to spread. And President Barack Obama weighed in briefly on the topic in a speech two weeks ago, calling for increased science funding specifically for high-performance computing.

But it's not as if the supercomputing community in the US has been sitting still while China sneaked up behind them. There are other projects in the works at US labs that are planning on blowing Jaguar and Tianhe-1A out of the water in terms of speed.

Currently the University of Illinois Urbana-Champagne and the National Science Foundation is building Blue Waters, a supercomputer that researchers say will be the fastest in the world when it is turned on sometime next year.

The Department of Energy, which owns Oak Ridge's Jaguar supercomputer, is already looking at moving from the current peta-scale computing (a quadrillion floating point operations per second) to exa-scale computing (a quintillion floating point operations per second), a speed a thousand times faster than Jaguar is currently capable of processing at. It's a goal that's still a ways out there, but the work is under way.

"To get there in the next five to 10 years, to get to 10 million cores in one room, is a major technical challenge," noted University of Tennessee's Jeremy Smith. "It's going to be fundamentally different than before. It's a hardware problem, and getting the software working is a major challenge indeed."

For more statistics on the systems in the Top500 list, please see Top500.org.

Via Crave CNET

Virtual Desktops

Businesses Take Another Look at Virtual Desktops

More Companies Test Alternative to PCs as Software Develops; by Predictions of Revolution
Haven't Materialized

---

By WILLIAM M. BULKELEY

As companies look for new ways to squeeze costs out of their technology budgets, some are deciding that the next PC they purchase need not be a PC
at all.

Instead, they are rolling out virtual desktops—a set-up consisting of a screen, keyboard and small connector box that ties into a powerful server in the computer room that has all the software, storage and processing capabilities that each desktop user needs.

Wyse Technology
Wyse Technology virtual desktops are installed across the campus of Queen Margaret University in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Maryland Auto Insurance Fund, an insurance company in Annapolis, Md., says it plans to replace at least two-thirds of its 600 user desktops within 18 months with virtual PCs.

Cindy Warkentin, the company's chief information officer, estimates that the move will save costs by allowing the company to replace fewer PCs every year.

The virtual PCs also allow her IT staff to centrally install software updates in a few minutes instead of working for several hours over the weekend.

The so-called thin-client revolution has been touted before, but has so far failed to arrive. At last count about 633 million desktop PCs were humming in offices around the globe, according to technology watchers at Gartner.

Gartner and other analysts say improved virtualization software for the desktop, the rising cost of maintaining PCs and demands for more security and regulatory accountability are all making conditions ripe for virtual PCs.

Gartner says the number of virtual desktops doubled in the last year to about 600,000. It predicts that over the next five years, 15% of current PCs will be replaced by virtual desktops.

Virtual desktops, which cost from $200 to $1,000 per user, lower the cost of operating and supporting PC networks by eliminating most deskside visits by technicians, while reducing viruses and security violations, vendors and analysts say.

They also help companies restrain unruly users who install rogue programs on their office computers, copy sensitive corporate information to thumb drives or prodigiously print out emails.

"This is the hottest trend out there among our customers," says Brian Gammage, a Gartner analyst.

	Wyse Technology
	Virtual desktops from Wyse Technology, which use a box to connect to servers, replaced PCs at Wheldon School and Sports College in England.

Makers of virtualization software, such as VMware Inc., Citrix Systems Inc. and 
Wyse Technology Co., have also worked on ways to reduce delays that prevented videos and complex graphics from displaying reliably on thin clients in the past.

Many companies postponed their normal replacement of their desktop PCs this year because of tight recession-year budgets and reluctance to buy Microsoft Corp.'s Vista operating system, which would have required more-powerful machines. But the upcoming Windows 7 is getting good reviews, leading some to consider replacing their current hardware.

"Windows 7 and the PC refresh cycle are two big reasons CIOs are evaluating virtual desktops today," says Sumit Dhawan, vice president of Citrix.

Most of them are doing pilot tests with 1,000 or fewer users, but Citrix says earlier this year one customer that it declined to name signed up to install 230,000 virtual desktops.

Vendors say customers won't save much initially buying thin clients instead of PCs because they still have to buy just as many software licenses and need to spend more for servers and storage. The biggest savings for most companies come in ongoing operating costs.

International Business Machines Corp., whose service arm installs virtual networks for customers, estimates customers get at least 95% savings in the cost of desktop-technology support because technicians need to be sent out less frequently.

Thin clients don't have a hard drive, which is a common source of trouble, and because most problems can be solved at the server site. IBM also says desktop virtualization can mean a 40% drop in electricity use.

One cost-conscious user, the Pike County School System in Kentucky, kept its old PCs in a recent tech realignment that IBM worked on, but it turned off their hard drives and ran them as virtual PCs.

source : djreprints.com

Self Service

Self-Service Solutions

NCR is a global leader in self-service, self-checkout, kiosks and digital signage. NCR works with hundreds of businesses delivering real business value with a wide range of kiosk software solutions.

NCR BBVA Human Bank Machines

NCR and Spanish bank debut innovative ATMs

Over the past two years, NCR has partnered with leading Spanish bank BBVA, IDEO and Fujitsu to create a completely new self-service experience - an ATM built from the end user perspective, rather than a component perspective. This video* shows how the unique project took shape and how the team developed this new, more “humanized” ATM.       *Source: © IDEO 2010

Internet more popular than TV

Internet More Popular than TV

Posted by Sam Churchill on December 14th, 2010

Americans are now spending as much time using the Internet as they are watching television, according to a new study by Forester Research (pdf).

While people younger than 30 years old have spent more time with the Internet than television for several years, Forrester’s survey shows that this is the first year that people in older age groups are also doing so.

The amount of time spent on the Internet for personal uses tails off among older groups, ranging from about 12 hours for adults under 30 to about eight hours for people over 66 years old.

Forrester’s survey shows a significant increase in the number of people using the Internet to watch streaming video; 33 percent of adults surveyed this year said they use the Internet to watch video, up from 18 percent in 2007.

Yet the amount of time people spend with their televisions remains relatively stable. By contrast, the survey found that people were spending significantly less time listening to the offline versions of radio and reading printed newspapers and magazines.

The average adult still spends far more time watching television than on the internet, according to new analysis by eMarketer.

Consumers now spend as much time on their mobile devices as they spend reading print newspapers and magazines—combined. And while time spent on mobile devices grew 28% in 2010 to reach an average 50 minutes per day, time spent reading print magazines and newspapers decreased 9% in 2010.

source : dailywireless.org

Alien eyes

Zuckerberg is TIME’s 2010 Person of the Year

Posted by Sam Churchill on December 15th, 2010

For connecting more than half a billion people and mapping the social relations among them; for creating a new system of exchanging information; and for changing how we all live our lives, Mark Elliot Zuckerberg is TIME’s 2010 Person of the Year.

What just happened? In less than seven years, Zuckerberg wired together a twelfth of humanity into a single network, thereby creating a social entity almost twice as large as the U.S.

If Facebook were a country it would be the third largest, behind only China and India.

It started out as a lark, a diversion, but it has turned into something real, something that has changed the way human beings relate to one another on a species-wide scale.

We are now running our social lives through a for-profit network that, on paper at least, has made Zuckerberg a billionaire six times over.

Facebook has merged with the social fabric of American life, and not just American but human life: nearly half of all Americans have a Facebook account, but 70% of Facebook users live outside the U.S. It’s a permanent fact of our global social reality. We have entered the Facebook age, and Mark Zuckerberg is the man who brought us here.

source: dailywireless.org 

650Mbps HSPA OMG

Nokia & T-Mobile Announce 650 Mbps HSPA

Posted by Sam Churchill on December 16th, 2010

T-Mobile USA and Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) arebacking an HSPA-based technology that they claim could compete with the peak-rate data speeds promised by LTE Advanced, reports Fierce Broadband.

The companies say ‘Long Term HSPA Evolution,’ could achieve peak-rate data speeds of 650Mb/s, near the Advanced LTE system.

Such a capability would require a 40-megahertz wide channel, as opposed to 10 Mhz in today’s LTE networks or up to 20 Mhz channels in Advanced LTE, an officially sanctioned “4G” standard designed to deliver up to 100 Mbps (mobile) and up to 1 Gbps (fixed). The advanced HSPA standard would allow operators to combine spectrum from various frequencies. That means part could be in the 1900 MHz band, while another part could use spectrum in the AWS band, the 2.6 Ghz band, or even satellite ATC frequencies at 1.6 Ghz.

Their aim is to see the technology commercially deployed by 2013. The “key features” of Long Term HSPA Evolution were accepted during the plenary meeting of 3GPP RAN held on 7-10 December, according to the two companies.

“We strongly believe in continued HSPA evolution in parallel to the further development of LTE and LTE Advanced,” said Neville Ray (pictured), CTO at T-Mobile USA. Long Term HSPA Evolution would allow T-Mobile USA to squeeze more life out of its existing infrastructure. T-Mobile has courted controversy with a marketing campaign in the US that claims its existing HSPA+-based service is “4G.”

Back in October, the ITU declared LTE-Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced as official 4G technologies. Verizon Wireless – with its recently launched LTE network and Clearwire with WiMAX – are not officially 4G, according to the ITU definition.

A similar solution is used now in Dual-Channel HSPA+ (DC-HSPDA) networks, which combine data from two frequencies and delivers speeds up to 42 Mbps.

Nine operators — including Bell Mobility in Canada and Telstra in Australia — have already launched services at 42M bps. The average real-world download speed is reportedly 7M bps to 14 Mbps.

According to Wikipedia, from Release 9 onwards it will be possible to use DC-HSDPA in combination with MIMO. The support of MIMO in combination with DC-HSDPA will allow operators deploying Release 7 MIMO to benefit from the DC-HSDPA functionality as defined in Release 8. While in Release 8 DC-HSPDA can only operate on adjacent carriers, Release 9 allow that the paired cells can operate on two different frequency bands.

In other news, AT&T, T-Mobile USA and Verizon Wireless today announced the formation of a joint venture chartered with building ISIS, a national mobile commerce network that aims to fundamentally transform how people shop, pay and save.

Isis’ initial focus will be on building a mobile payment network that utilizes mobile phones to make point-of-sale purchases.

By utilizing smartphone and near-field communication (NFC) technology to modernize the payments process, Isis intends to deliver new levels of competition and value to consumers and merchants. Isis expects to introduce its service in key geographic markets during the next 18 months.”

source : dailywireless.org

Facebook Facial Recognition *BIG BROTHER*

Facebook Adds Facial Recognition

Posted by Sam Churchill on December 16th, 2010

Facebooks says every day, people add more than 100 million tags to photos on Facebook. They do it because it’s an easy way to share photos and memories. Tags on photos are an essential tool for sharing important moments, but can be a chore.

To make this process easier, they added group tagging, so you could type one name and apply it to multiple photos of the same person. Now they’re announcing tag suggestions, which will make tagging multiple photos even more convenient.

When you or a friend upload new photos, they use face recognition software—similar to that found in many photo editing tools—to match your new photos to other photos you’re tagged in. They group similar photos together and, whenever possible, suggest the name of the friend in the photos.

If you don’t want to have yourself tagged in dozens of photos across Facebook, you can opt out of facial recognition. Under “Customize Settings,” uncheck “Suggest photos of me to friends.” Your name will no longer be suggested in photo tags, though friends can still tag you manually (and you can promptly untag).

source : dailywireless.org

MetroPCS and TerreStar

MetroPCS Eyes TerreStar

Posted by Sam Churchill on December 17th, 2010

US regional operator MetroPCS is “exploring a purchase of assets” from TerreStar, the bankrupt US mobile satellite operator, according to the Wall Street Journal.

MetroPCS is one of a number of potential bidders for TerreStar, which could be worth more than US$1 billion, says the report. “No offer has been made and a deal may never materialise,” cautioned the newspaper, quoting sources.

The potential attraction for MetroPCS is clear: TerreStar’s nationwide spectrum assets and coverage would help the US operator to fill out the geographic footprint.TerreStar uses the 2 GHz MSS band. That satellite was supposed to handoff to AT&T cellular service in urban areas. When the service begins operation.

Harris built the 18-meter (60 foot) antenna reflector for the 2 GHz TerreStar-1 satellite (above) operated by TerreStar Corporation. The satellite is now operational — but the company is bankrupt.

The fate of the AT&T/TerreStar Genus smartphone, the $250 million TerreStar satellite, the associated 2 GHz satphone service (and their cellular handoff and ATC frequencies), are currently very much in the air.

TerreStar owes about US$1 billion in debt to senior secured bondholders led by Echostar, the satellite equipment vendor. “For now, TerreStar’s largest creditor, EchoStar, appears poised to win the struggling business,” says the Journal. MetroPCS might also face regulatory barriers to pulling off any deal.

TerreStar filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in October. It built up huge debts building a satellite-based network and holds spectrum in the 2GHz band. The company launched its first satellite in July 2009.

Tim Farrar, a satellite industry consultant, said satellite companies have had difficulty selling wireless spectrum to cellular providers because the holder must offer integrated satellite and terrestrial phone services, which is a costly prospect.

As a result, he said any MetroPCS deal may be contingent on a change to the rules governing TerreStar’s spectrum.

“All the cellular carriers have looked at this satellite spectrum in the past. Nobody has made a formal offer to date,” Farrar said.

MetroPCS is ambitious to expand its US network. Just this week it announced the spread of its LTE network into three additional cities, bringing the total to nine. It is still the only US operator to date to have launched an LTE handset, the Samsung Craft.

source: dailywireless.org

700MHz

FCC: Interoperability on 700 MHz Band

Posted by Sam Churchill on December 20th, 2010

The FCC’s public safety and homeland security bureau recently adopted an order that establishes a technical framework designed to ensure interoperability between the myriad 700 MHz LTE networks that are expected to be established for first responders by state, local and regional entities in the future.

The FCC argues that auctioning off the D Block, in a joint public/private use agreement, would lower costs while providing better coverage for everyone.

Meanwhile, public service agencies have a dedicated (LTE) channel they can use now, in addition to their narrowband voice channels in the 700 MHz band. The FCC wants first responder radios to interoperate on that band.

The FCC has adopted an order that establishes a technical framework to ensure interoperability among the public-safety mobile broadband networks.

“Our goal is to make sure that nationwide interoperability is built into these networks from the beginning,” said James Barnett Jr., chief of the FCC’s Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau.

“There are many forces that pull against interoperability, this is why it is critical that we have an iron rule of interoperability for America’s public safety mobile broadband networks,” said Barnett. “Our goal is to make sure that nationwide interoperability is built into these networks from the beginning, and we will continue to work with public safety to make sure their immediate and long-term communications needs are met.”

Based on recommendations made by the FCC’s Emergency Response Interoperability Center (ERIC), the order calls for recipients of 700 MHz waivers to build their networks in accordance with a baseline technical framework, including the following specific guidelines, reports UrgentComm.com:

• Construct networks that support Long Term Evolution (LTE) interfaces that support roaming and interoperability.
• Construct networks that provide outdoor coverage at minimum data rates of 256 kbps uplink and 768 kbps downlink for all types of devices throughout the cell coverage area.
• Provide 95% reliability of signal coverage for all services and applications throughout the network.
• Conduct conformance testing on devices to ensure compliance with technical requirements associated with 3GPP Release 8 (LTE) and higher release standards.
• Perare form interoperability testing of the LTE interfaces to determine their roaming capabilities and make sure that these capabilities sufficient.
• Build security and encryption features into their networks based on certain optional features of the 3GPP security features for LTE Network Access Domain.
• Allow to use permanent fixed point-to-point and point-to-multipoint stations only on an ancillary basis and on a non-interference basis to the primary mobile operations.
• Coordinate with one another when their networks overlap or operate adjacent to one another to avoid signal/spectral interference or disruption to communications.

FCC spokesman Rob Kenny said agency officials have worked with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to help develop the technical framework. A copy of the order is available here (pdf).

Oregon lawmakers misled about cost, progress of emergency radio network, blared the headlines on a front page story by Brent Walth in the Sunday Oregonian, with a follow on faulty maps used to sell Oregon radio network to lawmakers and a third article on possible alternatives to fix the troubled the Oregon Wireless Interoperability Network (OWIN).

The Oregonian reports that OWIN is about two years behind schedule, and the price has soared from $414 million to nearly $600 million.

Lawmakers in 2005 called for merging the states Land Mobile Radio (LMR) radio systems of four state agencies: Oregon State Police and the departments of Corrections, Transportation and Forestry. Two years later, the governor’s office floated its plan for new radio equipment and a sprawling web of about 300 microwave towers and radio relays on mountaintops across Oregon.

source: dailywireless.org

Net Neutrality

Net Neutrality Before the FCC

Posted by Sam Churchill on December 20th, 2010

Michael Copps, the swing vote at the U.S. Federal Communications Commission for a set of network neutrality rules, said Monday he will vote for the proposal.

“While I cannot vote wholeheartedly to approve the item, I will not block it by voting against it,” Copps, a Democrat, said in an e-mailed statement today, reports ComputerWorld. Copps, who had argued for more stringent rules, said he would vote to “concur so that we may move forward.”

The FCC is scheduled to vote Tuesday for net neutrality rules proposed by Chairman Julius Genachowski. The commission’s two Republicans have said they plan to vote against the proposal, meaning Genachowski would need support from both his fellow Democrats, Copps and Mignon Clyburn, to approve the rules.

“The FCC will mark the winter solstice by taking an unprecedented step to expand government’s reach into the Internet by attempting to regulate its inner workings.

In doing so, the agency will circumvent Congress and disregard a recent court ruling,” says FCC Commissioner Robert McDowell in the Wall Street Journal:

For years, proponents of so-called “net neutrality” have been calling for strong regulation of broadband “on-ramps” to the Internet, like those provided by your local cable or phone companies. Rules are needed, the argument goes, to ensure that the Internet remains open and free, and to discourage broadband providers from thwarting consumer demand. That sounds good if you say it fast.

Nothing is broken that needs fixing, however.

…Ample laws to protect consumers already exist. Furthermore, the Obama Justice Department and the European Commission both decided this year that net-neutrality regulation was unnecessary and might deter investment in next-generation Internet technology and infrastructure.”…

Many consumer lobbyists disagree, saying there should not be a double standard forNet Neutrality; one standard for wireline and another for wireless.

According to Minnesota Senator Al Franken, “Mobile networks like AT&T and Verizon Wireless would be able to shut off your access to content or applications for any reason. For instance, Verizon could prevent you from accessing Google Maps on your phone, forcing you to use their own mapping program, Verizon Navigator, even if it costs money to use and isn’t nearly as good”.

Stacey Higginbotham at GigaOm, opines:

“It’s pretty depressing that simple efforts to ensure that lawful content has a chance to make it unimpeded to the user have become a circus of policy efforts designed to entrench the monopoly enjoyed by last-mile providers.

The rules so far seem to enable paid prioritization and usage-based billing while also determining that wireless networks shouldn’t have to abide by open internet principles. If the rules indeed reflect all of that, it may be better not to have them.

With only 3-4 dominant broadband wireless providers in the United States, it’s no wonder we pay more than most countries in the world. Lifting net neutrality restrictions might work in a world where more carriers can freely compete using white spaces, AWS, MSS, and other spectrum that’s becoming available.

But we’re not there yet.

The FCC, after all, weighted spectrum auctions for deep pocketed cellular carriers. They sliced and diced the spectrum into cellular-friendly paired channels to maximize the government’s revenue.

Now cellular operators are hording huge quantities of spectrum in the AWS and other bands. Use it or loose should be the rule. Not preferential treatment.

source: dailywireless.org

Illuminated

Necronomicon Hp Lovecraft

Hollywood Insiders: Fallen Angels

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